Polarization describes the orientation of oscillations in a light wave, and it plays an essential role in various optical applications—from enhancing visibility in sunglasses and camera lenses to facilitating advanced optical communication and imaging systems. Understanding and mastering the polarization of light is pivotal for advancing many optical technologies. However, manipulating the spatial distribution of the polarization state of an optical field presents significant hurdles, particularly when the synthesis of fields with non-uniform polarization states is desired.
Current polarization modulation devices, such as polarizers, waveplates, spatial light modulators, and various types of metasurfaces, are all confined to a limited range of polarization scattering matrices between their input and output apertures.
Based on this unique optical architecture, UCLA researchers showed that a single diffractive polarization transformer could implement 10,000 different spatially-encoded polarization scattering matrices within a compact diffractive processor volume. Using wire-grid polarizers fabricated through photolithography and 3D-printed diffractive layers, the UCLA team built a proof-of-concept design that can all-optically perform a user-defined polarization permutation operation at the terahertz part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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