Nature research paper: Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals
suggest that outgroup comparisons could be used to infer ancestral metazoan states and polarize changes within animals to address the sponge-sister versus ctenophore-sister debate. Yet, chromosome-scale genome sequences of the unicellular or colonial eukaryotic outgroups closest to animals have not been reported.
Here we show that conserved syntenies between animals and their closest unicellular relatives support ctenophores as the sister group to all other animals. Specifically, we find seven sets of genes for which ctenophores share ancestral metazoan gene linkages with one or more unicellular eukaryotes; and bilaterians, cnidarians, placozoans and sponges are united by shared derived patterns of synteny that arose by ancient interchromosomal translocations.
To examine conserved syntenies across animals, we traced the chromosomal distribution of orthologous genes among diverse metazoan lineages using previously and newly sequenced genomes (Fig.
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