'How Git stores data' git beginners
When I started using Git, I memorized commands to get the job done without really understanding what was happening under the hood. Git is a distributed version control software, which means you don’t need an external server to use it.
All the data that Git needs is stored in the `git` folder. As a Git user, you have no business changing those files, but for the purposes of this article, we’ll take a look inside to see how Git stores the data.I'm a JavaScript developer. I'm here to teach you useful skills, so you can succeed in your work & private projects.When I started using Git, I did what most people do. I memorized commands to get the job done without really understanding what was happening under the hood. In most cases, I was getting the results I wanted. But I was still frustrated that I was occasionally ‘breaking’ the repo—getting it into a state I didn't expect and not knowing how to fix it.The shortcut approach to using a repository is an attempt to use a tool without doing the essential homework to learn how it works. In my case, everything ‘clicked’ as soon as I read about the internal data model used by Git. You see, Git is a kind of a database, and one would never be able to work with SQL, for example, without knowing what a table, record, etc. is. Let’s cover the knowledge gap and see a bit of the internals of a Git repository.Git is a distributed version control software, which means you don’t need an external server to use it. All the data that Git needs is stored in thefolder. As a Git user, you have no business changing those files, but for the purposes of this article, we’ll take a look inside to see how Git stores the data.$ ls -R .git HEAD config description hooks info objects refs .git/hooks: applypatch-msg.sample pre-applypatch.sample pre-rebase.sample update.sample commit-msg.sample pre-commit.sample pre-receive.sample fsmonitor-watchman.sample pre-merge-commit.sample prepare-commit-msg.sample post-update.sample pre-push.sample push-to-checkout.sample .git/info: exclude .git/objects: info pack .git/objects/info: .git/objects/pack: .git/refs: heads tags .git/refs/heads: .git/refs/tags: Right now, it’s almost empty: we have a few folders, mostly example files for hooks. We will ignore these; our focus in this article will be mostlyGit stores every single version of each file it tracks as a blob. Git identifies blobs by the hash of their content and keeps them inThe easiest way to create an object is to add an object to the. What is in the stage will be part of the next commit. Staging is the “pre-commit” state in git. It’s where we keep files that are not already committed but already tracked by Git.With this command, we write “Test” to theAfter adding our new file to the stage, inside$ ls -R .git/objects 34 info pack .git/objects/34: 5e6aef713208c8d50cdea23b85e6ad831f0449 .git/objects/info: .git/objects/pack:. This is because the content hash is$ cat .git/objects/34/5e6aef713208c8d50cdea23b85e6ad831f0449 xKOR0I-. It’s compressed for storage efficiency. We can see what’s inside by running the following Git command:the content inside—no metadata for the file.Let’s see what happens if we make some changes to the file and add the updated version:Let’s add the current version to the stage:$ ls -R .git/objects 34 d2 info pack .git/objects/34: 5e6aef713208c8d50cdea23b85e6ad831f0449 .git/objects/d2: 77ba2806ce99d418b0b5d6c28643deca0e36dc ...$ git cat-file blob d277ba2806ce99d418b0b5d6c28643deca0e36dc Test Test 2As we can see, Git stores the complete file for each version.files are added by their blobobject typeLike with blobs, Git identifies each tree by the hash of its content. Because the tree is referencing the hash of each file it contains, any change to the content of files will cause the creation of an entirely new tree object. Similarly, because different versions of the same file will have multiple blobs, Git will create another tree object for each folder version.Usually, you create a tree as part of the commit. We will cover commits later in this article, but in the meantime, let’s use
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