Unexpected Discovery: Freshwater Flatworm Forms Complex Societies With Soldier Castes

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Unexpected Discovery: Freshwater Flatworm Forms Complex Societies With Soldier Castes
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produces non-reproductive soldiers which have much larger mouths than their reproductively capable colony-mates . The soldiers use their mouths to defend the colony by producing powerful blasts of suction to kill their enemies . Credit: Dan Metz

Unlike bees and termites, the colonies of this species of flatworm are not underground or in a tree hollow, but inside the body of a live snail. The parasites don’t kill the snail, but instead siphon off nutrients for years as they pump out free-swimming clones that search for fish, the flatworms’ next host in their complex life cycle.

“These worms want to guard their house,” said Dan Metz, the paper’s lead author and a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln who conducted this study during his PhD at Scripps. “Another parasite infecting their snail is like someone coming into your home and threatening your family. You’ll do what you can to protect your family, and so will these worms.”

First, all the soldiers lacked any reproductive organs, while even the most immature reproductive worms – including unborn ones still inside their parent – had detectable reproductive structures. Second, the researchers did not encounter any worms that had body proportions that appeared to bridge the physical gap between soldiers and the reproductive worms.

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