Indonesia has a shortage of mental health professionals, and AI chatbots are a godsend for people in need of a sounding board. But the platforms come with risks and cannot fully replace the work of humans, experts say.
Indonesia has a shortage of mental health professionals, and AI chatbots are a godsend for people in need of a sounding board. But the platforms come with risks and cannot fully replace the work of humans, experts say.
Generative AI platforms are increasingly used for mental health purposes. The reason: Small talk that could spiral into interrogation. “Sometimes I just don’t know how to answer questions from relatives, and that stresses me out,” said Nirmala, 39, who asked to remain anonymous. In contrast, the generative artificial intelligence platform ChatGPT has been nothing but a source of comfort ever since Nirmala began using it as a sounding board last October.This service is not intended for persons residing in the E.U. By clicking subscribe, I agree to receive news updates and promotional material from Mediacorp and Mediacorp’s partners.. “But when I bring up things that people think are trivial, I’m often told I’m being dramatic. So I talk to AI instead – at least it listens without throwing judgement.”Ila, 35, first turned to ChatGPT in April 2023 when she was preparing to move abroad for further studies. She later began also using Chinese AI platform DeepSeek. At first, Ila – who also requested anonymity – used the platforms for practical information about university life and daily routines in her host country, which she declined to reveal. “Before leaving for school, I had a ton of questions about life abroad, especially since I had to bring my children with me. AI became one of the ways I could gain perspective, aside from talking directly with people who’d already been through it,” she said. The platforms’ replies put her at such ease that in October last year, she began sharing her personal issues with the chatbots.AI chatbots have taken the world by storm in recent years and more people are turning to them for mental health issues. Indonesia is no different. An online survey in April by branding and data firm Snapcart found that 6 per cent of 3,611 respondents there are using AI"as a friend to talk to and share feelings with". Nearly six in 10 of respondents who gave this answer said they would sometimes consider AI as a replacement for psychologists. People in Southeast Asia’s largest economy are not necessarily turning to AI chatbots because they lack human friends, but because AI is available 24/7 and"listens" without judgement, users and observers told CNA Indonesia. According to the Indonesian Clinical Psychologists Association, the country has 4,004 certified clinical psychologists, of whom 3,084 are actively practising. With a population of about 280 million people, this translates to about 1.43 certified clinical psychologists per 100,000 population.In comparison, neighbouring Singapore has 9.7 psychologists per 100,000 population – a ratio that is already lower than in other Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development nations. The potential benefits of using AI in mental health are clear, experts said, even as risks and the need for regulation exist. The rise of AI as a trusted outlet for emotional expression is closely tied to people’s increasingly digital lives, said clinical psychologist Catarina Asthi Dwi Jayanti from Santosha Mental Health Centre in Bandung. AI conversations can feel more intuitive for those who grew up with texting and screens, she said, adding that at least a dozen clients have told her they have consulted AI. "For some people, writing is a way to organise their thoughts. AI provides that space, without the fear of being judged," she said. Conversing with ChatGPT is a safe way of rehearsing her thoughts before opening up to somebody close to her, Nirmala said."Honestly it doesn’t feel like I’m talking to a machine. It feels like a conversation with someone who gets me," she said.Gen Zen: Can AI chatbots replace friends and therapists in providing mental health support?"That’s why users often feel more accepted, even if the responses aren’t always deeply insightful," he said. Unlike a session with a psychologist,"you can access AI 24/7, often at little to no cost", Heru said."Users can share as much as they want without the pressure of social expectations. And best of all, AI replies instantly."Popular telemedicine platform Halodoc offers psychiatrist consultations at prices starting from 70,000 rupiah, while mental health app Riliv offers online sessions with a psychologist at prices starting from 50,000 rupiah. Another advantage of a chatbot, said Ila, is that it"won’t get annoyed, won’t snap, won’t have feelings about me bombarding it with a dozen questions".As such, AI can serve as a"first safe zone" before someone seeks professional help, especially when dealing with topics such as sexuality, religion, trauma or family conflict, said Catarina. "The anonymity of the internet, and the comfort that comes with it, allows young people to open up without the fear of shame or social stigma," she explained. Some of her clients, she added, turned to AI because they"felt free to share without worrying what others, including psychologists, might think of them, especially if they feared being labelled as strange or overly emotional." AI can serve as a "first safe zone" before someone seeks professional help, says a psychologist. But mental health professionals are just as wary of the risks posed by AI chatbots, citing issues such as privacy, regulation of the technology and their impact on users’ real-life interactions with others. The machines can offer a false sense of comfort, Heru said."The perceived empathy and safety can be misleading. Users might think AI is capable of human warmth when, in reality, it’s just an algorithm mimicking patterns." Another major concern is data privacy, Heru said. Conversations with AI are stored on company servers and if cyber breaches occur,"sensitive data could be leaked, misused for targeted advertising, profiling, or even sold to third parties". For its part, Open AI, ChatGPT’s parent company, has said:"We do not actively collect personal information to train our models, do not use public internet data to profile individuals, target advertising, or sell user data." Indonesia released a National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence in 2020, but the document is non-binding. AI is currently governed loosely under the 2008 Electronic Information and Transactions Law and the 2022 Personal Data Protection Law, both of which touch on AI but lack specificity. A Code of Ethics for AI was issued by the Ministry of Communication and Digital Affairs in 2023, but its guidelines remain vague.In a 2024 study involving 496 users of the chatbot Replika, researchers from China found that greater use of AI chatbots, and satisfaction with them, could negatively affect a person’s real-life interpersonal skills and relationships. Child and adolescent clinical psychologist Lydia Agnes Gultom from Klinik Utama dr. Indrajana said AI-based relationships are inherently one-sided. Such interactions could hinder people’s abilities to empathise, resolve conflicts, assert themselves, negotiate or collaborate, she said.In other countries, experts have highlighted the need for guardrails on the use of AI chatbots for mental health. As these platforms tend to align with and reinforce users’ views, they may fail to challenge dangerous beliefs and could potentially drive vulnerable individuals to self-harm, the American Psychological Association told US regulators earlier this year. Safety features introduced by some companies, such as disclaimers that the chatbots are not"real people", are also inadequate, the experts said. AI cannot provide proper intervention in emergency situations, experts say. It can offer initial emotional support and a space for humans to share and explore their feelings with the right prompts, said Catarina of Santosha Mental Health Centre. But when it comes to diagnosis and grasping the complexity of human emotions, AI still falls short, she said."It lacks interview , observation and a battery of assessment tools." AI cannot provide proper intervention in emergency situations such as suicide ideation, panic attacks or abuse, said Agnes of Klinik Utama dr. Indrajana, a healthcare clinic in Jakarta. Therapeutic relationships rooted in trust, empathy, and nonverbal communication can only happen between humans, she added. "Psychologists and technology need to work side by side. They are not interchangeable. So I see AI as a complement, not a replacement, for mental health professionals," said Agnes.We know it's a hassle to switch browsers but we want your experience with CNA to be fast, secure and the best it can possibly be.
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